SHOT-TYPES
A Close up for example reaches from the forehead up to the chin. It is used to portal emotions, detail and is commonly used to give the main actor or star screen presents. If its for example a famous actor that takes the leading role in the movie there will be probably at least 30 close-ups of his face. Film makers in hollywood do this because people might just watch the film because there is a major star in it.
A Mid-Shot for example is used to express a dialogue and to show the actors physical engagement with the words he or she says. It is very comfortable to watch and commonly used in dialogue sequences.
A Long-Shot would be used in a fight scene. The reason for this is because it reveals all the body patty of the individual. It puts focus on the physical action in the sequence. It can also create a certain atmosphere because it shows a lot of background.
A Wide Shot would be used to establish place and time it is a commonly used introduction into a new scene. Focus is put on the set and landscape.Of course a Long-Shot and Wide-Shot can be used to juxtapose with a certain action or to feel disconnected with a character or action. A Close-Up can be used to create a kind of suspense (Hitchcock) because of the fact that not a lot of or hardly any background is revealed and focus is put on detail which has to be interpreter by the viewer and finally comes together like a jigsaw.
CAMERA ANGLES
Also Angles are used to make t
he audience for example able to identify with a certain character. If someone is shot from a low-angle he or she looks bigger and there for more powerful, stringer, or even heroic. If someone is met to be weak or small he or she would be shot from a high angle. To givemore depth and a certain interest to a character he or she would be shot from and angle. This gives a more 3 Dimensional picture if he or she would shot straight on he or she would beinterpreted as boring.CAMERA MOVEMENTS
Tracking is often used to create a cinematic effect. It makes the scene feel calm and without any problems. However because of the fact that we are used to read from left to right our eyes feel more comfortable with the left to right tracking. If we see a tracking shot that goes from right to left our eyes know that there is something wrong. This creates an uncomfortable situation. Tracking from right to left is often used for villains
(Alfred Hitchcock's Strangers On A Train). In Film making terms this is called the 2-Dimensional Screen Direction. Tracking from right to left is the y-Axis, and tracking from left to right the x-Axis. By using the Y-axis to set up linear established route, one that represents s
afety and normality, Hitchcock could also establish its opposite. The metaphor is also a succinct synopsis of the plot. What happens to a good man when his path is suddenly diverted? Camera movements like tilts are often used to create attention because they reveal information of the object that is shot step by step. They are often used to put focus on physicallities of individuals e.g. In the James Bond franchise tilts are often used as a introductory shot of the bond girls.EDITING TECHNIQUES
Different Editing techniques are used to create different feelings. Eg. Cross Cutting creates a juxtaposition and some sort of suspense it involves cutting between two scenes that are might me be related or not. Another technique is Bolletic Editing which his used in the Wild Bunch. We associate the shape of a circle with perfection and completeness. In Bolletic Editing the last frames of a shot will form a circle. In the Wild Bunch this is used to juxtapose the cruel action.LINES
The "line of a picture is determined by outlining the subjects or objects in
the picture which would give its line content. For instance a picture of a sunset usually has a horizon that communicates peace and harmony. Its a principal line is a horizontal.Horizontal lines create a restful, oppressive calm, distant, languid, or, a restful feeling. The viewer feels stability, heaviness, monotony, restfulness and peacefulness.
Perpendicular lines express height, grandeur, dignity, regal or forced impressiveness, frigidity, spiritual, ethereal or soaring or aspiring qualities.
Diagonal lines express a sense of movement, or an unreal, an artificial. a vital. an arresting, a bizarre, or quaint quality. This line is often found in the climax.
Curved lines express feminity, naturalness, intimacy, quiescence, freedom, gracefulness, flexibility, and coyness.
Straight lines expresses strength, sternness, formality, severity, simplicity, nearness, regularity.
Broken lines express informality and disorderliness.
Zig-Zag lines express crazinesss, unpredictable, uncertainty. Depending upon how the lines i rendered it could create light or heavy feeling.
SHAPES
By a form we mean anything that has a shape, The structure of the form is a fundamental understanding that everything is either form or space and
like the young yang, neither can exist without the other.
Symmetrical forms imply formality, perfection, grace.
Asymmetrical Asymmetrical implies flexibility, casualness, and a lack of order.
COLOUR
Colour can help to increase the mood of the picture. Different colours can stand for different atmospheres.
Red: (Personality) Outgoing, active,physical. (Positive Qualities) motivating, warm, car
ing. (Negative Qualities) irritable, angry.
Orange: (Personality) Sociable, Creative. (Positive Qualities) practical, joyful. (Negative Qualities) overpowering, hyperactivity.
Yellow: (Personality) Quick, alert mind, sunny/bright ideas. (Positive Qualities) bright, happy, communicative. (Negative Qualities) egocentric, fearful.
Green: (Personality) Caring, empathetic, natural, wholesome. (Positive Qualities) balance, in harmony, abundant. (Negative Qualities) indecisive feelings trapped.
Blue: (Personality) Peacful, quiet, introverted. (Positive Qualities) loyal, honest, cooling. (Negative Qualities) depressive, withdrawn.
Purple: (Personality) Creative, spiritual, sensitive. (Positive Qualities) powerful, seeker of truth, inspirational. (Negative Qualities) misuse of power, obsessive.
Black: (Personality) Feminine energy, mysterious. (Positive Qualities) potential, powerful. (Negative Qualities) identity crisis, hides from world.
White: (Personality) Masculine energy, (Positive Qualities) purity, cleansing. (Negative Qualities) cold, isolating
Brown: (Personality) Earthy,physical. (Positive Qualities) secure, safe. (Negative Qualities) restrictive, barren.
Grey: (Personality) Self-reliant, independent. (Positive Qualities) individual, self sufficient. (Negative Qualities) rigid, critical, uncommunicative.
Pink: (Personality) Loving, nurturing, emotional. (Positive Qualities) understanding, sympathetic. (Negative Qualities) immature, needy, emotional, unstable.
Turquoise: Fresh, sparkling new ideas. (Positive Qualities) uplifting, refreshing, communicative, cool. (Negative Qualities) cold, isolating.
Pastels: (Personality) Softer version of each colour. (Positive Qualities) more sensitive, gentle. (Negative Qualities) easily led, impressionable.
FRAMING
Framing is about the relationships between foregrounds and backgrounds, people and objects, and people and people. It is a compromise between composition and movement. The best way to think of the frame is as a space, to move in or to look out of. When framing people try to avoid cutting them off at natural joints. It is is best to avoid people touching the edge of the frame otherwise they look as though they are standing on the bottom leaning on the sides of the picture. Headspace and the space to the sides of the characters depend on what else is in the shot.
ZOOMING
The zoom lens is a terrific device for getting the range of angles from wide angle to telephoto shots. It is not comfortable to see a zoom because it is not equivalent to what our eyes normally do. However it can create an effect of a "twist" in the story line, a quick thought etc.
LIGHTING
3 point lighting consist out of a flood light a fill light and a back light. The Flood light is used to light the mains scene. The Fill and back light light to lighten up shadows.
OPEN AND CLOSED FRAMINGS
The terms open and closed compositions are used describe the types of framing technique and strategies devised to include or exclude the viewer from the picture space. In film, open framings are compositions of the type usually found in documentaries, where many of the elements in the frame are beyond filmmaker's control. In such stagings, several subjects may be partially cut of by the edge of the frame or partially obscure by foreground elects. Colsed framings are compositions with subjects carefully positioned for maximum clarity and graphic balance. This way of composing picture is likely to be found when the camera is placed outside the circle of action. Open forms seen more realistic.
It is probably best to think of open and closed framing as gereral descriptions, remembering that techniques derive their significance from the context in which they are placed. For the narrative filmmaker the most interesting aspect of open and closed framings is the was in which they are used to offer the viewers varying degrees of involvement and intimacy with the subjects on the screen. How the filmmaker uses this relationship raises the issue of aesthetic distance. Which is a phrase to describe the degree to which a irk of art manipulates the viewer.
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